Market Entry Report for Petcoats.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Market Entry Report for Petcoats.com - Essay Example Recently, the company received local coverage on BBC East Midlands followed by a favorable article on the company by Daily Mail. Following the two incidents of coverage, there was an avalanche of activity on the company’s website leading to the crash of the website. This event convinced the manager to explore the possibility of venturing into two foreign markets – the USA and France. This paper constitutes a report to the director of Petcoats.com on the viability of entering the US market and how best to approach the market. The report is organized into three parts: the first part investigates the US pet market, the second analyses a number of possible market entry strategies before proposing the strategy the author feels is the most appropriate. The third part of the report explores the various ways through which Petcoats.com can communicate with American pet. Finally, the author concludes by making a number of recommendations. In the 1970s, 64 million American households owned at least a pet. By 2012, that figure had more than tripled 164 million households – this figure translated to 62% of American households (The Humane Society of the United States, 2014). As has always been the case, the dog and the cat are the two most favored pets. In 2012, 47% of all households owned at least a dog, translating to a total of 83.3 million pet dogs. In that same year, dog owners spent an average $231 in a year on routine veterinary visits. The pet cat population stood at 95.6 million and on average, the cat owner spent $193 on routine visits to the veterinary.

The Story of Us Essay Example for Free

The Story of Us Essay The film â€Å"The Story of Us† that we have watched last week gave me the full of insights and learned how difficult a marriage could be. This movie was about the story of a couple married for about fifteen years and from their perfect marriage, it almost ends up to divorce. They have two children that through them they still pretend as good parents even if their relationship is not working anymore. They decided to send their children to a summer camp so they can start their trial separation before telling it to their kids. In the end, because they still love each other and also for the best of their children, they had chosen to be strong and set aside all the detestation and hatred from them. People may engage into marriage thru various reasons. The majority of it is usually because of legal and social aspects. But the reality is that a person is not only associated to emotional or a feeling to someone but also it is the spiritual and religious aspects that lead to marriage. For me, a person who entered into a relationship with someone should be committed to the person he loved so the partnership between them will be strong and the marriage will be eternal. Marriage for me is not just a formal contract or agreement of two persons who love each other which is usually followed by a wedding ceremony. It is really important for me because it does not only show how relationship works but it is instituted and destined by God for the permanent relationship between a man and a woman. My point of view towards relationship to a good marriage is that it should not be developed according to our anticipation. With the conformity of a husband and wife that are married, they should not be separated and will stand for every hardship that they will encounter. As shown in the movie, like what almost happened to Ben and Katie Jordan in the film was because of misunderstandings and the exchange of throbbing with each other. There are lots of couples nowadays that encountered similar problems like this. They also run into a situation that a couple cannot stand each other anymore which mostly ends up to divorce. Some of the couples may reconcile and choose to stay what is ordained while thers may lead to worst thing like separation or divorce. This film had given me lot of insights on the views of marriage. I can say that this movie made me realized that in order for a marriage to work well it is important that couples should learn how to reconcile and accept the love of their partners despite of their dissimilarities. People choose to marry the person they like not just because of feelings, affection or likeness to their spouse but because they fated their love to God and willingness to accept all the differences of their partner. I have learned that not all marriage will lead to lifelong relationship unless they truly love and vowed to each other. I also recognized that not all relationships are perfect thus we should continue ourselves to be loyal, devoted and still faithful to love ones. This film also taught me on what we should do or the best thing to perform if a situation happened in the marriage life like this. Also, we should learn how to accompany with others and to forgive and forget the mistakes of a person you love which will direct into a good marriage life.

PESTLE analysis of the pharmaceutical industry

PESTLE analysis of the pharmaceutical industry The pharmaceutical industry not only develops but also produces and markets drugs licensed for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies deals in generic and brand medications. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations regarding the patenting, testing and marketing of drugs. Initially, The Indian pharmaceutical industry grew at a very slowly from 1947 to 1970, all due to the lack of incentives and the failure of the government which was unable to set-up a concrete regulatory framework. Now, the Industry is characterized by numerous governmental regulations and policy changes, stiff price controls, rigorous controls on formulations, and absence of international patent protection. During 1970, the Indian Patents Act (IPA) and the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) were passed. Though DPCO acted as buffer against pharmaceutical companies making free pricing illegal, it fulfilled the goal of providing quality drugs to the public at reasonable rates. The Introduction of the IPA, which did not recognize product patents but only process patents provided a major thrust to the industry and companies which through the process of reverse-engineering, began to produce bulk drugs and formulations at lower costs. This led to high fragmentation in the industry, due to the emergence of a number of small firms. India Manufactures over 400 bulk drugs and around 60,000 formulations, which are distributed by 5,000,000 chemists all over the country. Indian pharmaceutical Industry is passing through a wave of consolidation, with the objective to strengthen their brand equity and distribution in what is essentially a branded-generics market. In the present, the growth of a domestic pharmaceutical company is critically dependent on its therapeutic presence. The old and mature categories like anti-infective, vitamins, and analgesics are de-growing while; new lifestyle categories like Cardiovascular, Central Nervous System (CNS), Anti-AIDS, Anti-Cancer and Anti Diabetic are expanding at double-digit growth rates. Various Pharmaceutical companies in India Ranbaxy Laboratories It is Indias largest pharmaceutical firm with the returns of Rs 4,198.96 Crore (Rs 41.989 billion) in 2007 Dr. Reddys Laboratories With a turnover of Rs 4,162.25 Crore (Rs 41.622 billion) in 2007, it is second largest drug firm in India by sales. Cipla it generated an annual revenue of Rs 3,763.72 Crore (Rs 37.637 billion) in 2007 and made it the third among largest pharmaceutical firms. Sun Pharmaceuticals Sun pharmaceutical Industries had an overall earnings of Rs 2,463.59 Crore (Rs 24.635 billion) in 2007. Lupin Labs Its total profit of Rs 2,215.52 Crore (Rs 22.155 billion) was in 2007. Aurobindo pharmaceutical Indias sixth largest pharmaceutical company by sales, Aurobindo posted Rs 2,080.19 Crore (Rs 20.801 billion) annual returns in 2007. GlaxoSmithKlineg With 2007 turnover touching Rs 1,773.41 Crore (Rs 17.734 billion, GSK is Indias seventh largest pharmaceutical firm. Cadila Healthcare Cadilas earnings was Rs 1,613.00 Crore (Rs 16.13 billion) in the fiscal year 2007, establishing itself as Indias eight largest drug company. Aventis pharmaceutical With an annual revenue of Rs 983.80 Crore (Rs 9.838 billion) in 2007, Aventis pharmaceutical has made a place for itself in the top ten pharmaceutical companies in India Ipca Laboratories Ipca is Indias 10th largest pharmaceutical company by sales and in 2007 it had a turnover of Rs 980.44 Crore (Rs 9.804 billion PEST ANALYSIS Political Factors There is political uncertainty, Combination of diverse political thoughts have got together to cobble together a rag-tag coalition. Hence any consistent political or economic policy cannot be expected. This muddies the investment field. The Minister in charge of the industry had been threatening to impose even more stringent Price Control on the industry than before. Thus it is throwing many investment plans into the doldrums. DPCO, which is the bible for the industry has in effect worked contrary to the stated objectives. DPCO nullifies the market forces from encouraging competitive pricing of goods dictated by the market. Now the pricing is done by the Government, based on the approved costs irrespective of the real costs. The country goes in for the IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) regime which is popularly known as the Patent Act. This Act impacts the Pharmaceutical Industry the most. Thus an Indian company could not escape paying a patent fee to the inventor of a drug by manufacturing it using a different chemical route. Indian companies went against this law and used the reverse-engineering route to invent alternate manufacturing methods. A lot of money was saved this way. This also encouraged competing company to market their versions of the same drug. This means that the impurities and trace elements that were found in different brands of the same substance were different both in qualification as well as in quantum. Therefore many brands of the same medicine were truly different. Here Branding actually meant quality and purer brand actually had pure active ingredients and lesser or less toxic impurities. Product patent regime will now eliminate all this. Patented drug would be manufactured using the same chemical routes and would be manufactured by the inventors or licentiates using the chemicals with same specifications. Hence all the brands with the same active ingredient will not have any difference in purity and impurities. The different brands will have to compete on the basis of non input-related innovations such as packaging, colour, flavours etc. Economic Factors Indians spends a very small proportion of their income on healthcare. This has stunted the demand and therefore the growth of the industry. Per capita income of avg. Indian as low as Rs. 12,890, therefore, spending on the healthcare takes a low priority. An Indian visits a doctor only when there is an emergency. This has led to a flourishing of unqualified doctors and spread of non-standardized medication. The Incidences of Taxes are high. Excise Duty (State Central), Custom Duty, Service Tax, Profession Tax, License Fees, Royalty, Pollution Clearance Tax, Hazardous substance (Storage Handling) license, income tax, Stamp Duty and a host of other levies and charges have to be paid. On an average it amounts to no less than 40-45% of the costs. The number of Registered Medical practitioners is low because of this. Due to which the reach of Pharmaceuticals is affected adversely. There are nearly 5million Medical shops. Also this affects adversely the distribution of medicines and also adds to the distribution costs. India is a high interest rate regime. Therefore the cost of funds is double that in America which adds to the cost of goods. Adequate storage and transportation facilities for special drugs are lacking. Studies had indicated that nearly 60% of the Retail Chemists do not have adequate refrigeration facilities and stored drugs under sub-optimal conditions. Thus affecting the quality of the drugs administered and of course adds to the costs. India has poor roads and railway network. Therefore, the time of transportation is higher. This calls for higher inventory carrying costs and longer delivery time. All this adds to the uncalculated costs. Its only during the last couple of years that good quality highways have been constructed. Socio-cultural Factors Poverty and associated malnutrition dramatically affected the incidence of Malaria and TB, preventable diseases continued to play havoc in India for decades even after they were eradicated in other countries. Poor Sanitation and polluted water sources ended the life of about 1 million children who were under the age of five. In India people preferred using household treatments which handed down for generations for common ailments. The use of magic/ tantrics/ hakims is still prevalent in India. Increasing pollution has added to the healthcare problem. Smoking, drinking and poor oral hygiene is still adding to the healthcare problem. Large joint families transmit communicable disease among the members. Cattle-rearing encourage diseases that are communicated by animals. Early child bearing affects the health standards of women and children. Ignorance of inoculation and vaccination has prevented the eradication of diseases like polio, chicken-pox, small-pox, mumps and measles. Technological Factors Advanced machines have dramatically increased the output and reduced the cost. Computerization has boosted the efficiency of the Pharma Industry. Newer medication, active ingredients are being discovered. In January 2005, the Government of India had more than 10,000 substances for patenting. Ayurveda is now a well recognized science and hence is providing the industry with a cutting edge. Advances in Bio-technology, Stem-cell research have given India a step forward. Humano-Insulin, Hepatitis B vaccines, AIDS drugs and many such molecules have given the industry a pioneering status. Newer drug delivery systems are the innovations of the day. The huge unemployment in India prevents industries from going fully automatic as the Government as well as the Labour Unions voice complains against such establishments. Legal Environment The pharmaceutical industry is now a highly regulated and compliance enforcing industry. As a result of which there are immense legal, regulatory and compliance overheads for the industry to absorb. This tends to restrict its dynamism but in recent years, government has begun to request industry proposals on regulatory overheads to encourage innovation in the face of mounting global challenges from external markets. In Pharmaceutical industry, there is huge PSU segment which is highly inefficient. The Government puts the surpluses generated by efficient units into the price equalization account of inefficient units thus unduly subsidizing them. On a long term basis this has made practically everybody inefficient. Effective the January, 2005 the Government has shifted from charging the Excise Duty on the cost of manufacturing to the MRP thereby making the finished products more costly. Just for a few extra bucks the current government has made many a life saving drugs unaffordable to the poor. The Government provides extra drawbacks to some units located in specified area, providing them with subsidies that are unfair to the rest of the industry, bringing in a skewed development of the industry. As a result , Pharmaceutical units have come up at place unsuitable for a best cost manufacturing activity. S.W.O.T. Analysis of Pharmaceutical Industry Strengths Cost of production is low. Large pool of installed capacities Efficient technologies are present for large number of Generics. Huge amount of skilled technical manpower. Increase in liberalization of government policies. Opportunities Aging of the world population. Increasing incomes. Growing attention towards health. New diagnoses and new social diseases. Spreading prophylactic approaches. Saturation point of market is far away. Better therapy approaches. Better delivery systems. Spreading attitude for soft medication (OTC drugs). Spreading use of Generic Drugs. Globalization Easier international trading. New markets are opening. Weakness Fragmentation of installed capacities. Low technology level of Capital Goods of this section. Non-availability of major intermediaries for bulk drugs. Lack of experience to exploit efficiently the new patent regime. Very low key RD. Low share of India in World Pharmaceutical Production (1.2% of world production but having 16.1% of worlds population). Very low level of Biotechnology in India and also for New Drug Discovery Systems. Lack of experience in International Trade. Low level of strategic planning for future and also for technology forecasting. Threats Containment of rising health-care cost. High Cost of discovering new products and fewer discoveries. Stricter registration procedures. High entry cost in newer markets. High cost of sales and marketing. Competition, particularly from generic products. More potential new drugs and more efficient therapies. Switching over form process patent to product patent. To make India a potentially strong pharmaceutical hub following weakness has to be overcome with: Low investments in innovative RD and lack of resources in order to compete with MNCs for New Drug Discovery and to commercialize molecules on a worldwide basis. Lack of strong linkages between industry and academia. Low medical expenditure and healthcare spend in the country Production of spurious and low quality drugs tarnishes the image of industry at home and abroad. RD efforts of Indian pharmaceutical companies hampered by lack of enabling regulatory requirement. Despite of unique strengths like expertise in process chemistry, availability of abundant and high quality talent, and growing hospital infrastructure, the country still accounts for less than 1 percent of the US$ 130 billion in worldwide spending in pharmaceutical research and development. Remedies: CRAMS: Inherent competitive advantages and cost-effective manufacturing capabilities has now become one of the most preferred destinations for Contract Research and Manufacturing Services (CRAMS). India has huge potential to tap the $20 billion CRAMS business that is expected to reach $31 billion by 2010. India has opportunity to grab this business. Pharma multinationals are also exploiting Indias competencies in the field of information technology and its strong and low cost IT skill sets by setting up centres for their global clinical data management functions in India. CRO: Contract able researches also offer significant opportunity to the Indian pharmaceutical industry that is becoming a global RD hot-spot for innovative pharmaceutical companies. The global contract research opportunity was $14 billion in 2006 and was expected to reach $24 billion by 2010. Identifying opportunities enablers. To Map Indian pharmaceutical industry to realize its full potential and to become globally competitive. Addressing global challenges that impact India pharma industry. Global alliances, Mergers and Acquisitions. Government should provide infrastructures for talent research. Providing regulatory protection. Giving financial incentives to encourage innovations research. Encouraging public -private partnership in infrastructure development. Example of overcoming threats and grabbing new opportunities 1. The lack of research and development (RD) productivity, expiring patents, generic competition and high profile product recalls are driving the mergers and acquisition (MA) activity in the sector. The Lots of mergers and acquisitions in the past shows that the Indian pharma industry is all set to take on the global markets. Nicholas Piramal has acquired 17 per cent in Biosyntech, a Canadian pharma packaging company in July 2005. While in June 2005, Torrent acquired Heumann Pharma, a generic drug company that was earlier a part of Pfizer. Matrixs acquisition of the Belgian firm Docpharma was the largest acquisition deal. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries has announced its plan for acquisitions in the US. Indian generic companies are increasingly fighting patent cases on these secondary patents and Resulting in earlier generic entry hence contributing to affordability of drugs in developed countries Indian companies still continues to market and export generic drugs which are off patent. US is the ideal destination for Indian companies. In US alone, major blockbuster drugs are going off patent in next few years. Further it is estimated that generic market can reach US $ 80 billion in coming few years in value terms and Indian companies stand a good chance of tapping a major chunk of this pie. 2. Lupin being among the top three Indian pharmaceutical companies by 2007 and aimed at achieving the US$ 1 billion mark. In order to compete with the foreign players, Indian pharma companies have started strengthening RD activities, entering the global generics market, venturing into contract research and started exploring segments like herbals and ayurveda; while have already established foreign pharma companies established RD centres and clinical trial centres in India to cut drug delivery costs. Lupin too made significant investments in RD, infrastructure, exports, herbal markets and other therapeutic segments to compete effectively with domestic and global pharma majors. According to Lupins top management, As the country switches on to the product regime, radical changes are expected to affect the pharmaceutical sector. A deep-rooted shift in business policy has taken place within the company by placing a strong emphasis on RD to create proprietary intellectual property. The bud get for this activity was stepped up substantially during the year to ensure that the company has a complete portfolio of products to take on the patent regime. 3. The downfall of many companies is due to not changing with the style of marketing. The analysis of Indian companies revealed that their progress is basically from the new products. Cipla has shown a tremendous growth in the market only due to focus on the new product hence they became No. 1 in 2004. Similarly, the Sun Pharmaceuticals have shown a phenomenal growth by adopting same strategy. This has resulted in their occupying 5th position in 2004. The new product success rate is going down because the companies are more interested in introducing new products and generating volume sales and not brand building. There are very few products which could have registered more than 1 Crore sales. The current scenario in the pharmaceutical industry is to launch new product then get some market share and if the response is good, pick up the brand and build the same in subsequent years.This has given dividend to companies like Ranbaxy, Cadila, Cipla, Sun Pharmaceuticals.

African American Bell Curve Essay -- essays research papers

The bell curve of African American rights has risen and fallen throughout America’s history. The period between the Pre-Civil War Era and the Post Civil War Era, were momentous in displaying the status and rights of African-Americans in the time. As the Civil War approached, the status of African-Americans was an increasingly troubling issue among the American Public. During the War, the bell’s curve had reached its height. And during the Post-Civil War, the curve fell slowly and would not rise again for another 100 years. The cause of this racial bell curve is a series of political and social events that directly affected the lives of African Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Compromise of 1850 marked the initial rise of Black loss of rights in this period. Previously, it was possible for Northerners to ferry slaves to their freedom. However, “Included in the compromise were funds budgeted specifically for catching fugitive slaves and prosecuting anyone lending assistance in the effort'; (Kevin Holloway, The Fugitive Slave Act and the Compromise of 1850). With specific funds that were directed in catching fugitive slaves, white bounty hunters could freely raid the North and search for fugitive slaves. These brutal hunters could now abduct any Black person left alone. Many Blacks that were never in bondage were kidnapped and taken to the South to be slaves. This legislation limited the rights of African Americans and enabled the white populous to oppress African Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bell curve approached its peak when the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin was introduced to American Culture. This novel, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was a revelation to the North because it displayed the cruelty of the southern trade practice. This single piece of literature created uproar throughout the country. The North was outraged by its tale of tragedy, deceit and hate. The South was outraged by its conception of slavery and its bashing of the southern culture. Either way, it marked an event in American History that would change history forever. African American status was now a major issue among Americans. Abraham Lincoln, in remarks to her book, once said to Harriet Beecher Stowe, “So you are the little lady that caused the big war.'; The quote displays the impact in which this one novel broug... ...created by Lincoln to educate the Freemen, and to make sure that the Blacks were not totally stripped of their rights. Along with the Freedmen Bureau, various laws and codes were passed (that had little effect) that also protected the rights of Blacks. After the Civil War, it was a time of Reconstruction. The Black Slave Factor was eliminated; blacks were now ignored and would not be heard for another 100 years. The bell’s curve fell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Between the Pre-Civil War and Post Civil War periods, the rights and social place of Blacks had risen and fell similarly to that of the curve of a bell. The height of the curve reached its peak during the war, and fell after. The Compromise of 1850, Uncle Toms Cabin, and John Brown’s rebellion all marked the rise in the bell curve. The Civil War, and the Emancipation Proclamtion marked the peak in the bell curve. The 13th and 14th amendments, along with the Jim Crow laws and the establishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau all marked the decline in the Bell curve. 100 years later, the bell’s curve would reach its climax once again during the Civil Rights Movement, and once again, fall.

Marketing Creating and Capturing Customer Value

Yoking Chem.. Struck is the coffee icon people either love it, hate it, need it, or you wouldn't be caught dead there. Among the reasons to love: Struck gave us coffee language † or shamed us into it, depending on who you ask † turned the masses into espresso junkies and offers travelers a constant presence all over the world. Among the reasons to hate Struck: It's making us fatter, turned espresso drinks into fast food and gave us its own coffee language. According to the article at the washcloth. Mom, † reasons why I hate Struck†, the author wrote the 5 reasons are 1, Overpriced products, 2, Their marketing angle is to appeal to vain rich people, 3, Anyone who feeds you addictive chemicals is not your friend, 4, They pay their workers poorly, 5. They force their workers to dress and act like slave. But I feel some economic fallacies behind this particular article, for arguing their CEO earns too much, or their workers deserve more money is ludicrous. The wor kers are being paid for their services; it's not an easy Job to be the CEO.However, Struck as one of the most successful company in the world, they must have their reasons to be so persuasive, and make people love it. According to the Article â€Å"5 Reasons Why Struck Is so persuasive† The author wrote about his thoughts on why Struck Is so persuasive without any advertising on television or magazines. Reason 1 – They create an experience when you walk Into a store; 2 – The baristas and others who work here really seem to enjoy their Jobs; 3 – Something that stands out about Struck Is how easily recognizable Its cups are; 4 – the convenience of Struck app; 5- The convenience of drive through service Marketing Creating and Capturing Customer Value Yoking Chem.. Struck is the coffee icon people either love it, hate it, need it, or you wouldn't be caught dead there. Among the reasons to love: Struck gave us coffee language † or shamed us into it, depending on who you ask † turned the masses into espresso junkies and offers travelers a constant presence all over the world. Among the reasons to hate Struck: It's making us fatter, turned espresso drinks into fast food and gave us its own coffee language. According to the article at the washcloth. Mom, † reasons why I hate Struck†, the author wrote the 5 reasons are 1, Overpriced products, 2, Their marketing angle is to appeal to vain rich people, 3, Anyone who feeds you addictive chemicals is not your friend, 4, They pay their workers poorly, 5. They force their workers to dress and act like slave. But I feel some economic fallacies behind this particular article, for arguing their CEO earns too much, or their workers deserve more money is ludicrous. The wor kers are being paid for their services; it's not an easy Job to be the CEO.However, Struck as one of the most successful company in the world, they must have their reasons to be so persuasive, and make people love it. According to the Article â€Å"5 Reasons Why Struck Is so persuasive† The author wrote about his thoughts on why Struck Is so persuasive without any advertising on television or magazines. Reason 1 – They create an experience when you walk Into a store; 2 – The baristas and others who work here really seem to enjoy their Jobs; 3 – Something that stands out about Struck Is how easily recognizable Its cups are; 4 – the convenience of Struck app; 5- The convenience of drive through service

Free Essays on Catch 22 And Bureacratic Ritualism

Joseph Heller’s novel, â€Å"Catch-22† has many different examples of sociological problems and behaviors. More specifically there are numerous examples of bureaucratic ritualism in â€Å"Catch-22.† Bureaucratic ritualism occurs when workers conform to rules and procedures to such a degree that they become more important than the goals. People become so focused on the rules they are supposed to follow that what the rules are supposed to accomplish or solve take a backseat to following the rules perfectly. I will focus on examples of bureaucratic ritualism in which rules are followed or implemented in such a manner that they become counter active or in conflicting position of the original intent of the rule or procedure. The first example is when Captain Black’s tent was used for educational intelligence meetings. On page 44, at the end of every meeting there would be a question and answer session. After one meeting there was a number of strange questions that had no answers. Group headquarters did not like the asking of these strange and unusual questions so they implemented a rule that only those who never asked questions could now ask questions. By implementing this rule they have now counter acted the point of the question and answer session. The following of bureaucratic rules has now eliminated the question and answer session and then finally the meetings altogether because no one is allowed to ask questions unless they don’t ask any and those who asked questions were the only ones who attended in the first place. The goal of the meetings to inform the men by answering their questions has been forgotten for the following of the new rule. The second example, on page 147 illustrates the dwindling importance of goals in a bureaucracy when an over emphasis is put on following the rules. Yossarian is reprimanded for going over a target a second time. According to procedure they are only to fly over a target one time. Yossarian... Free Essays on Catch 22 And Bureacratic Ritualism Free Essays on Catch 22 And Bureacratic Ritualism Joseph Heller’s novel, â€Å"Catch-22† has many different examples of sociological problems and behaviors. More specifically there are numerous examples of bureaucratic ritualism in â€Å"Catch-22.† Bureaucratic ritualism occurs when workers conform to rules and procedures to such a degree that they become more important than the goals. People become so focused on the rules they are supposed to follow that what the rules are supposed to accomplish or solve take a backseat to following the rules perfectly. I will focus on examples of bureaucratic ritualism in which rules are followed or implemented in such a manner that they become counter active or in conflicting position of the original intent of the rule or procedure. The first example is when Captain Black’s tent was used for educational intelligence meetings. On page 44, at the end of every meeting there would be a question and answer session. After one meeting there was a number of strange questions that had no answers. Group headquarters did not like the asking of these strange and unusual questions so they implemented a rule that only those who never asked questions could now ask questions. By implementing this rule they have now counter acted the point of the question and answer session. The following of bureaucratic rules has now eliminated the question and answer session and then finally the meetings altogether because no one is allowed to ask questions unless they don’t ask any and those who asked questions were the only ones who attended in the first place. The goal of the meetings to inform the men by answering their questions has been forgotten for the following of the new rule. The second example, on page 147 illustrates the dwindling importance of goals in a bureaucracy when an over emphasis is put on following the rules. Yossarian is reprimanded for going over a target a second time. According to procedure they are only to fly over a target one time. Yossarian...

Staffing Example

Staffing Example Staffing – Coursework Example Structured interview form for World Bank World Bank is a United Nations branch; it is in United s, Washington. It was started in 1944 with an aim to reduce poverty in developing countries. It provides loans and financial assistance to membered countries all over the world. In this question, have decided to be a Human Resources Manager of the World Bank, by conducting an interview of recruiting employees to work in different departments in the Bank. The interview will be tight because the number of interviewees is high. Interviewing is the best way to recruit employees, because it completely assesses the interviewee knowledge and interpersonal skills. Tell us what you understand about World BankThe answer to this question helps to evaluate the experience of the interviewee about the bank. It helps to identify if he/she has self-interest in the bank and if they know what they will be doing in the bank. They know roughly about the activities conducted in the bank, the purpose of the ban k, its strengths and weaknesses. It will help to identify the most serious interviewees in the interview and those who have attended just for the sake of attending.How can you handle a misbehaving client in your office?This question identifies the performance of the interviewee and his customer service skills. Their attitude concerning a problem with their clients and how they can best solve it. The performance matters in any business because it also depicts on how the interviewee will be relating with the other workers and the top management. Good behavior is a crucial component in an interview. Do you have any cash handling experience?This question will assess how the interviewee can handle much cash that is flowing in his day to day activities. It looks at the transparency of the individual to handling cash if he/she knows how to record balance sheets and other cash flow documents, how to best avoid stealing money or the disappearance of money with no exact source.Tell us more ab out the banking law amendment billThis question helps to know if the interviewee knows more about the current affairs concerning the banking sector, what change have been made lately, the performance of other banks, the importance of listening to the news and reading some banking journals.What do you understand by the term depositing, withdrawing, cheque and bank slips?This question helps to identify if the interviewee knows some basic terms of the banks. It helps to avoid misunderstanding or poor performance skills of the worker. This question helps to identify the education and experience level of the interviewee. General knowledge about the subject in which one will be interviewed.In summary, interviews are important in recruiting of employees because they help to assess the information and performance skills of the employees. It will help to counter any work related problems after recruiting employees.ReferenceMargret, D., (2006), The Essential Guide to Recruitment: How to Condu ct Great Interviews and Select the Best Employees. London: Kogan Page Publishers

Social Revolutionaries essays

Social Revolutionaries essays Social Revolutionaries believed the force to overthrow the czars would come from the peasants. Their goal was that government that would distribute the land fairly among the peasants. They wanted to replace the czar with a democratically elected government. The Social Democrats convinced future revolutions would be led my an urban working class. They wanted to overthrow czar government, PLUS spark a worldwide Marxist revolution. The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks followed Lenin that Russias working class was too small and poorly educated to stage a revolution so they needed a tiny group of Marxists to guide them. In the revolution of 1905, workers, about 200,000, and their families, went to the czars to ask for better working conditions, personal freedom, and an elected national legislature. But Nicholas was not at the place; instead, his general and police chiefs were. They ordered the soldiers to fire on the crowd. Instantly, 500 to 1,000 people were killed. That day could not be erased. The peoples demands could no longer be ignored and the czar promised for more freedom, and approved of the Duma, which consisted of leaders who wanted Russia to become a constitutional monarchy. After three months, he got rid of it and sent the members home. Stalin was one of the men besides Trotsky who tried to succeed Latin. He was a party secretary and was responsible for hundreds of appointments. When Lenin realized that Stalin was the bad guy, it was already too late, for Stalin had enormous power in his hands. Stalin outlined a 5-year plan for the development of the USSR economy. It was made to limit the production goods, and was made to enhance the state-owned mines, heavy industry, railroads, and energy sources. He also made an agricultural revolution which was way more brutal than his 5-year plan. He abolished 25 million small farms and would be replaced with collective farms&ap...

Aspect of the year 1968 contributed to it being a unique year in world Essay - 1

Aspect of the year 1968 contributed to it being a unique year in world history - Essay Example To achieve this, the essay shall rely on Mark Kurlansky’s book, â€Å"1968: The Year That Rocked the World,† and Selection from Lady Bird Johnson’s March 31, 1968 diary entry, concerning Johnson’s failure to run for re-election. Kurlansky (2005) argues that his decision had several and far reaching implications on the country and presidency. He was leaving a country that was deeply divided and facing unprecedented crisis both locally and abroad. His decision to give up when the nation needed leadership most surprised many. Kurlansky’s arguments are supported by Abbie Hoffman, who asserts that the decision came at a bad time when America had involved itself deeply in the Vietnam War under Johnson’ leadership, and had already generated a negative public opinion, both locally and globally. Kurlansky quotes Hoffman that â€Å"we were standing still. How could we pull our pants down? America was already naked. What could we disrupt? America was falling apart at the seams,’ (Kurlansky 229). This confirms the surprise of the Americans after the president’s decision. Kurlansky points to the division that had arisen in the country and especially in the Democratic Party because of the Vie tnam War. The president was facing stiff opposition from his own party while, ironically, it was the republicans who supported him on the war. The decision also came at a time when the American citizens and the soldiers at the battle front were becoming demoralized due to the losses they had encountered in Vietnamese battle fronts and the desire by the people to end the war. The president himself had foreseen the effect his resignation would have on the morale of the troops on the battle front. According to Lady Bird Johnson’s March 31, 1968 diary entry, the president had consulted General Westmoreland, who was in command of the troops, in the battle front, and who had assured him that it would have little impact. While dismissing a suggestion from his wife who had talked to

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

Marketing Plan - Essay Example The product is called Slate, which is customized tablet computer for younger students at the preschool and early childhood level. The marketing plan is therefore to set out the objective for the sale of the Slate in the next 3 years. The plan is based on the current marketing audit of the firm, which is in the tablets market. Based on the marketing audit, appropriate market strategies are adopted to make the achievability of the objectives possible. To gain a better understanding of the current market in which the Slate will be marketed, a SWOT analysis is used to examine the internal environment of the company selling the product, and a competitor analysis is used for the external environment of the company. Based on information given in figure 1, it would be noted that Apple, Samsung, Asus, and Lenovo are the three leading global competitors. A competitor array model which is based on the benchmarking theory (Darden & Babin, 1994) is there used to produce a competitor matrix for the four major competitors. The competitor array model identifies four major industry success factors and assigns a weighting for each of them (Chan-Olmsted & Jamison, 2001). Each competitor is then rated based on the industry success factor so as to find the intensity of competitiveness of each competitor. The outcome with the competitor matrix is given below. Based on the matrix above, it would be seen that with reference to the key industry success factors, Samsung presents the highest competitive rivalry followed by Apple, Asus and Lenovo respectively. The competition from these companies would be experienced if they switch to the product innovation of the Slate, which focuses specifically on early childhood educational syllabus content. In order to achieve the objectives set above, it will be important that some marketing theories and frameworks will be applied in the

TLMT312 WEEK 5 FORUM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TLMT312 WEEK 5 FORUM - Assignment Example They have a definite or regular shape that facilitates their easy storage and handling as opposed to non rigid containers which do not hold their shape. Non rigid containers have an indefinite shape because of lack of supporting structures. ii. Nonrigid containers in most cases will take the shape of its contents. This is opposed to the rigid containers, of which its contents, especially, fluids and gases take the shape of the container. This is vital in the determination of the type of container to be used during packaging by the organization. In the cost reduction strategy, it is required that appropriate container be selected as per the volume of the load. iii. Ordinarily, rigid containers will take more storage space as opposed to non rigid containers which can be folded to occupy less space. Nonrigid containers in the long run save the storage cost accrued from usage of less space. In the supply and procurement department this is important so as to strategies to ensure that the organization still makes profits. iv. Rigid containers have more storage and maintenance costs as opposed to non rigid containers. This is due to labor used for cleaning and storing the rigid containers. Most non rigid containers are non reusable, thus do not attract the costs. (Donald J. Bowersox, 2009) v. In most cases rigid containers are durable and reusable as opposed to non rigid containers. This is vital in the cost benefit analysis 2of the firm to ensure that it is making profits. The usage of rigid containers saves costs that would emanate from frequently container purchases. Oftenly, rigid containers are usually highly priced than the non rigid containers because of their durability and reusability. vi. In rigid container the manufacturers must give instructions and provide documentation for the evaluation, purchase, processing, and effective use of containers as opposed to non rigid where the is no much

The Online Shopping Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Online Shopping Environment - Essay Example The three elements that have been used to deliver desired consumer experience in online fashion retail include navigability, atmospherics, and interactivity. The interaction of the three elements has shaped the online fashion-shopping environment. Analysing the interaction of three elements is essential because consumers are considering multi-channel retailing in fashion. Online fashion shopping environment offers all the design cues and multi-channels the consumers want. Search classification utilizes Sitemaps, search engines, Search by name, style or look to engage consumers online (Flavian, Gurrea and Orà ºs, 2009). Search classification is used for finding a product in any e-commerce business platform (Kim, Fiore and Lee, 2007). Online fashion environment is utilizing the consumer’s usability of the sites to increase sales. The journey of a consumer begins within they log in the online stores. Searching classification utilizes keywords related to fashion, and image links that can be accessed through top search engines (Childers et al., 2001). For example, ASOS has used the successful product tagging method of search classification to increase consumer usability and help to convert the visitations into successful sales (Jones and Silverstein, 2009). Product information details, zooming option for images, and 2D and 3D product viewing give rise to the ultimate interactive viewing. The online shopping environment in the fashion retail industry is using interactive technologies to create a seamless journey between the stores and consumers (Sullivan and Adcock, 2002). The rise of online and multichannel fashion retailing is focused on offering in-store consumer experience that is in touch with shopping patterns of the consumers. Smartphones, iPads, customized fashion shows and in-built touch screens have been introduced to give the customer a virtual shopping experience before actual purchasing (Tapscott, 2009).

A company that provide great customer service in its industry Essay

A company that provide great customer service in its industry - Essay Example nt here to understand the concept which was coined by George Ritzer whereby he kept the name ‘McDonaldization’ which is in relevance with the continuation of Max Webers theories related with bureaucracies. (Bassett, 1992) Max Weber has put in place a definition related with bureaucracy as being a large hierarchical organization which governs the basis of formal rules and regulations and which forms a lucid arrangement of tasks that need to be undertaken. McDonald’s believes in satisfying its customers all over the globe as there is a premise to regard the customers as the most important entity for the existence of this international fast food chain. The customers for McDonald’s mean everything for them as they are the people who introduce new and fresh concepts into the restaurant industry every now and then. Workers at the restaurant are given the tasks to grill, preparing French fries, working the front register and lastly taking orders at the drive through windows present at the selected McDonald’s outlets. McDonald’s has a network of authority starting from the workers, crew chiefs, shift managers, salary managers and up till the owner of the outlet in essence. (Lowenstein, 1997) McDonald’s has enforced within the fast food chain an impartial application of rules and policies so that there is no compromise on this tenet at any cost. McDonalds has maintained highest quality standards, personalized greetings at the registers and doors as well as at the drive through windows. McDonald’s has attained the role of being a bureaucratic chain more so because it is the most efficient means of managing a diverse set of people across varied geographic locations and societal segments. This leaves one to wonder as to why the process of McDonaldization has attained so much success when one thinks about McDonald’s. One must attach special linkage with fresh changes and mind-blowing conceptual moves when there is a visualization of McDonald’s in the

Gipsy and traveller community needs improving access to health care Essay

Gipsy and traveller community needs improving access to health care - Essay Example The report recommends that the government should give more consideration of these communities when making health related policies. The communities should also be sensitized of the health risks that they face. The report also recommends that the living conditions of these communities are improved. They should also be encouraged to adopt permanent settlement. Gypsies and Travellers refer to the communities in the United Kingdom who lead a nomadic lifestyle. As nomads, they are expected to face various health threats in their daily lives. Some of the health problems that they experience are even intensified by their way of life. There are very many ways in which their health problems that they face are different from those faced by the general population (Cemlyn, Greenfields, Burnett, Matthews and Whitwell 2011, p.97). This can be a result of various factors. This makes it necessary for a research to be carried out to look at the various health problems that are faced by these communities. This report is based on a research that was carried out to find out the actual health problems that gypsies and travellers face in their daily lives. There are various factors that are believed to contribute to the various health problems that Gypsies and Travellers face in the United Kingdom. These factors include their culture. Culture can affect how people from certain communities respond to health care services. It also affects how communities view health care services. The problems can also be attributed to by their way of life. Being nomads, they are likely to face certain health risks that are not faced by the general population. The conditions of the sites that they live in might also be a cause of some of their health. This would be in consideration of factors such as hygiene, access to clean waters, and sanitation (Carnwell & Buchanan

The Online Shopping Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Online Shopping Environment - Essay Example The three elements that have been used to deliver desired consumer experience in online fashion retail include navigability, atmospherics, and interactivity. The interaction of the three elements has shaped the online fashion-shopping environment. Analysing the interaction of three elements is essential because consumers are considering multi-channel retailing in fashion. Online fashion shopping environment offers all the design cues and multi-channels the consumers want. Search classification utilizes Sitemaps, search engines, Search by name, style or look to engage consumers online (Flavian, Gurrea and Orà ºs, 2009). Search classification is used for finding a product in any e-commerce business platform (Kim, Fiore and Lee, 2007). Online fashion environment is utilizing the consumer’s usability of the sites to increase sales. The journey of a consumer begins within they log in the online stores. Searching classification utilizes keywords related to fashion, and image links that can be accessed through top search engines (Childers et al., 2001). For example, ASOS has used the successful product tagging method of search classification to increase consumer usability and help to convert the visitations into successful sales (Jones and Silverstein, 2009). Product information details, zooming option for images, and 2D and 3D product viewing give rise to the ultimate interactive viewing. The online shopping environment in the fashion retail industry is using interactive technologies to create a seamless journey between the stores and consumers (Sullivan and Adcock, 2002). The rise of online and multichannel fashion retailing is focused on offering in-store consumer experience that is in touch with shopping patterns of the consumers. Smartphones, iPads, customized fashion shows and in-built touch screens have been introduced to give the customer a virtual shopping experience before actual purchasing (Tapscott, 2009).

Gipsy and traveller community needs improving access to health care Essay

Gipsy and traveller community needs improving access to health care - Essay Example The report recommends that the government should give more consideration of these communities when making health related policies. The communities should also be sensitized of the health risks that they face. The report also recommends that the living conditions of these communities are improved. They should also be encouraged to adopt permanent settlement. Gypsies and Travellers refer to the communities in the United Kingdom who lead a nomadic lifestyle. As nomads, they are expected to face various health threats in their daily lives. Some of the health problems that they experience are even intensified by their way of life. There are very many ways in which their health problems that they face are different from those faced by the general population (Cemlyn, Greenfields, Burnett, Matthews and Whitwell 2011, p.97). This can be a result of various factors. This makes it necessary for a research to be carried out to look at the various health problems that are faced by these communities. This report is based on a research that was carried out to find out the actual health problems that gypsies and travellers face in their daily lives. There are various factors that are believed to contribute to the various health problems that Gypsies and Travellers face in the United Kingdom. These factors include their culture. Culture can affect how people from certain communities respond to health care services. It also affects how communities view health care services. The problems can also be attributed to by their way of life. Being nomads, they are likely to face certain health risks that are not faced by the general population. The conditions of the sites that they live in might also be a cause of some of their health. This would be in consideration of factors such as hygiene, access to clean waters, and sanitation (Carnwell & Buchanan

National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Essay Example for Free

National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Essay This website is one of the esiest websites I could check about the daily weather through it. I can feel comfotable while Im using the services which provided in the website. This website provide many things and they are very important for me as a pilot.You can be beneficial and awarnce about the weather any where in the United states of America by entring your city and the Zip code of your city then you will get all the information and forcasts about the daily weather in your city. When you open the website you will finde the current tempreture in (C/F ) of the current hour that you opened the website in. As we said it provides a lot of services and we will talk about the most usful and helpful one. Current hazerd service provides you about the warnings around United States map, like the red color for the tornado warnings and blue one for thunderstormes warinings. Also it gives you the freezed areas in blue color. Current condetions service provides the condtion of the weather in many maps like radar and satalite maps.Also you could find the snow condtion around the area and how is it converd and talks about the snow analyzis. Hydrology talks about the weather condition on the rivers and lakes which is very helpful for these people who are going to camping around lakes or rivers, so they be knowledgable about what is going on around that area to know exactley what they should brind to wear ‘ winter or summer clothes ‘. News link provides fresh stories about what happening around the area, if tornado or hurrcain estapleshed in some area you find the information about this news in this link. Useres also can add their reports and I see that its really good service to keep comuncation with people which may make it more accuret informations. You can as user creat your own account and start adding reports about weather and claimet. At the end I could say its really usfull website especially for me as a pilot and for people who are caring about the weather. You can be safe and aware about whats going on in the claimet to avoid thunderstorms and tornedo by seeing the warnings and alarms. Also goo for reguler people they can get information about the current weather and forcast for the whole day which make them aware about whats is going to wear in this whole day and avoiid the very cold weather at the morning in example.

Analyse The Current Strategy Of Ryanair Tourism Essay

Analyse The Current Strategy Of Ryanair Tourism Essay You are to critically analysis the current strategy of Ryanair which comprises the following tasks. Undertake an environmental analysis of the European airline industry with implications for the budget sector and Ryanair in particular. Analyse how Ryanair has been successful in the European budget airline industry. From the above analysis, critically assess the sustainability of Ryanairs strategy. Executive Summary In this recession period to sustain a business and make it different and unique id definitely a big task and to make it growing need to implement different Strategies. Strategy is the direction and purview of a business organization in long run to achieve an advantage over other rivals by adapting with available resources and build competency. today we are discussing the Environment Analysis, strength and weaknesses and its strategy to sustainability of Ryanair a low cost Airline. This assignment will analyse the business environment of the airline industry in Europe, then it considers the competitive strategy and sustainability of Ryanair. Introduction Ryanair start its business by Mr. Cathal and her wife with the financial help of their father Tony Ryan with the total capital of  £1 in 1985. The company Head office is in Dublin, Ireland. Initially Ryanair provide flights between Ireland and UK by using secondary airport due to national airlines monopoly. In 1990 Ryanair loss was IR £20 Million and at the end of 1990 the new management team under the supervision of Michael OLeary adapted the model of Southwest USA base airline introduced the low budget cost concept in Europe and became market cost leader with no frills carrier. Gulf War 1 broke out in 1991 and airline traffic all over the world distorted. Although the down turn in overall airline traffic, Ryanair made a profit of  £ 0.3 million for the year and carry 651,000 passengers with a total work force of 477 people. In 1997 Ryanair first time ranked in Dublin Stock exchange and London stock exchange and in 2002 on NASDAQ. Ryanair added number of aircraft and number of European destinations in 1999. And in 2000 Ryanair introduced Europe largest travel website, www.ryanair.com within three months, the site was record 50,000 bookings per week. In 2005 May 26th Ryanair Holdings, PLC celebrated its 20th birthday. At the celebration party Ryanair CEO Michael OLeary said that Ryanair will be overtake British Airways by carrying 3.5 million passengers a month in 2005 In June 2009 Ryanair is offering 1200 scheduled short haul flights per day along with 145 locations throughout Europe and Morocco with an operating fleet of 196 aircraft flying approximately 845 routes. Environment Analysis The external business environment of Ryanair means the other European airlines and other influencing factors which affect the decision making, making of business strategy and the performance of Ryanair. There are number of external environmental factors which affect the Ryanair like PEST (Political, Economic, social and technological factors) Strategic management in any airline industry plays very important role to make them successful airline. The strategy of Ryanair is depends on the vision and mission its vision and mission which is based on the environment factors which are internal and external factors. These environmental factors normally called environmental analysis. In Strategic planning techniques environmental analysis plays very important role to evaluate or scan that business environment is suitable for business or not. In Ryanair these strategic policies clarify its resource strengths and deficiency, its market opportunities, the outside threats to its future success an d its competitive status relative to rivals. Environmental analysis in airline industry helps them to develop and change their strategy to meet the upcoming external changes and its help the company to lead. D. Stoffels 1994). Concept of Environmental Analysis Environmental analysis means the environmental scanning or appraisal (L M Prasad). There are two types of for Strength, Weaknesses, opportunities and threats. In Ryanair Strength and weaknesses are internal factors whereas opportunities and threats are external factors. Ryanair environment is analysis based on following structure. Figure No 1: Ryanair Environment Analysis External Analysis The external analysis is based on the opportunities and threats. Threats Volcano crises 9/11 terrorist attacks War in Iraq Oil prices Economic downturns Government Regulation The airline industry in Europe has always been under pressure from domestic and European Union. At the end of 1980 E.U deregulate the airline industry and an array of liberalisation measures followed that were to be applied throughout its territories. In 1997 E.U any airline can operate its business from anywhere within Europe. Competition At the start of 21st century competition in airline industry exploded and this competition will continue to grow up new entrants to take this advantage. Due to price competition and economic downturn and financial crises there is no entrants who want to enter in the market. Porters Five Forces Analysis of the low cost Airline According to Porter 1985 Five force analysis is a means of identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in an industry. Porters five forces model is based on the opportunities and threats of Ryanair from the external environment. Here porter analysis is applied on Ryanair external business environment. Porter five forces analysis are as under. Porter Five Forces Analysis Bargaining Power of Suppliers Boeing is the main supplier of Ryanair Airline Regional airports are mostly dependant on one airline Bargaining Power of Customers Customers are price conscious Lack of loyalty Switching airline is comparatively easy without any cost Threat from New Entrants High capital investment Some barriers to entry Threat from Substitutes Lack of brand loyalty for customers No extra cost for customer to switching Other methods of transport like Euro train, cars, Ferries and Euro lines Competitive Rivalry The low cost airline industry is highly competitive PESTEL Analysis PESTLE analysis is the most appropriate model to discuss the Political, Economic, Social, Technological factors, Environmental factors and legal factors. Political Factors Political factors means government regulations like taxation policies, environmental law, employment law, trade restriction by government and political instability. Change of Government taxation policies An international organization like Ryanair may effect by regulate the Government and taxation policies and some time these policies are in favourable and sometime in opposibe favour. Political changes in countries where Ryanair have routes Like in United Kingdom election are coming and may be new party change their business policies. Political instability Political stability plays very important role in an international company like Ryanair. Now a day in United Kingdom if government will be labour party then the policies will be in favour of the business community. Terrorist attacks on airline business Starting of 21st century the mode of terrorism is totally changed and now terrorist attacks through aeroplanes and target airline industry. Considering the events of 9/11 in USA, Manchester Airport chemical attack in UK its totally change the strategy of industry. Local government office may object to noise and new runway projects Currently Ryanair is facing Legal issues and disputes with Government. Economical Factors These factors are purchasing power of consumer and Ryanair, capital cost, economic growth, inflation rate, bank interest rate and currency exchange rate. Economic condition may affect positive or negative in the airline industry according to the country economic situation. If consumers standard of living will be high automatically they will use airline for holidays and other purpose. Fuel prices are rising day by day In these days fuel prices are going up and up and it may affect the consumer purchasing power. Social Factors In Social circumstances Ryanair will affect by peoples attitude towards luxury class, population growth and health matters. Ryanair do not offer luxury class so business trips are frequently possible to reduce company cost. Rapidly increase in travelling life style Lack of consumer loyalty Ryanair low budget airline means to attract more consumers around the globe. Technological Every business organize one unique system to operate its business Ryanair main supplier is Boeing and Boeing have less carbon emission and les noise pollution Good relationship with customers by maintaining online service Online sales/service Environmental Factors Environmental factors plays very important role in external environmental of airline industry. The important factors are as under. Natural disasters In Iceland Volcano ash disturb the whole Europe flights and airline and still writing these word almost 70,000 flights are cancelled. It will affect the airline industry around the globe. Health problems During flight some people feel really bad depression and its can decrease the profitability of the airline industry. Legal Factors Immigration law Immigration law is very major barrier in legal factors. There are some restrictions on the peoples to travel to other some certain countries. Aviation safety rules Every country has its own aviation and safety rules which affect the airline of other country. Swot Analysis of Ryanair SWOT analysis shows the organization existing strategy and position. SWOT analysis based on strength, weakness, opportunity and threats in any organization. In Ryanair this tool is used to analyse the internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. The current scenario of Ryanair on the basis of SWOT analysis is as under. Strengths Brand Name: Ryanair spent 15 years in the LCC market to develop its brand name Low airport charges will automatically reduce the cost of fare. All Boeing aircraft: Uniform fleet save training cost and technical cost High service performance: low baggage loss, in time, high rate of flight completion it gave the good image of the Ryanair performance High Aircraft Utilization Point to point service Small Headquarters: Ryanair try to reduce its administration cost due to small offices Weaknesses Bad press image Restricted expansion possibility due to budget cost Lack of skill staff Opportunities New routes and new destination Provide best and updated customer services may affect the number of customers Threats Threats from competitors like BMI, Easy jet, Air Asia, Atlantic and fly be. Economic downturn may affect disposable income. European Union may put some type of restriction if Ryanair do not accept the rules and policies. Mostly hotels are four stars due to low cost package is risky Change the choice of consumer Change the status of economy may change the situation of business policies. Question No 2. Ryanair European low cost airline Competitive Strategy of Ryanair Competitive strategy is key factor for the success of Ryanair. Ryanair followed different types of strategy which kept itself one step up from its competitor. Ryanair aim was establish itself Europes low fares leading airline through improvements and expanding day by day of its low fares services. The Ryanair strategy was simple to focus on low fares and catch more and more passenger traffic. At the end of 20th century the European aviation industry changes its cost strategy and focused on low budget model and now whole industry became low cost airlines. Ryanair based on low fares airlines and growing rapidly due to its environment friendly policies. Ryanair strategy is to provide their customers latest aircraft and advance technologies facility in their aircraft that reduce fuel burn and emissions of CO2 as much as possible. Figure No 2: Ryanair Business Model Ryanair plan to invest 17bn Euro on expansion programme of fleet replacement and now all Ryanair old Boeing 737-200 aircraft have replaced with the new Boeing 737-800. Here are the key elements of Ryanair Strategy who make itself European leading low cost airline. Low fares: Low fares are the main focus of Ryanair strategy. Ryanair sets its fares on the basis of demand of that flight. Frequent point to point Flights on short haul Routes Commitment to Safety and quality maintenance Ancillary services Choice of route Low operating costs Maximizing the use of the internet Question No 3. Sustainability of Ryanair Ryanair business model is adapted from the Southwest airline of USA. Ryanair focused on the secondary airports because majority of the national airlines concentrated on hub airports. At hubs airport acquired a scarcity value and were typically allocated to incumbent airlines in order of seniority at the airport by a scheduling committee presided over by the home country national airline. First time Ryanair used London-Luton route to promote its strategy in 1986 because slots were not available due to rush at Heathrow airport. Ryanair played a vital role to use these secondary airports and make itself a successful low cost airline. On secondary airports the deregulated market brought the opportunity to progress business with the new market entrants rather than remain underutilised. due unused airports substantial reductions was given to new airlines which they used form the expansion of passenger numbers by low cost would be financially worth it. The Ryanair product At the starting of Ryanair airline business in Europe its strategy was very simple to reduce its cost and sustain itself in the long term in airline industry was to use secondary airport. All major airports was under monopolistic condition of national airlines so Ryanair target secondary airports and its affect on Ryanair the low congestion charges, low landing charges and low rate of missing bags per passenger. Due to this situation Ryanair fully focused on its customer services. The Ryanair airport product The strategy of Ryanair was using secondary airports affect very positive result on consumer. Ryanair offers point to point flights and secondary airports become the hub airports. In secondary airports the consumption of time, cost reduce like less walking time within terminals, less waiting time for baggage retrieve and very cheap car parking. The Ryanair cost base Ryanair becomes the cost leader with very small labour force and fully focused on costs and productivity. Ryanair Europe No 1 in customer service In February 2010 Ryanair ranked No 1 around the Europe airlines. Only Ryanair is guarantee about the low cost and best customer services. These figures are published in customer service statistics in very month. CUSTOMER SERVICE STATS FEB 2009 2010 On-time flights 87% 83% Complaints per 1,000 pax 1.39 0.86 Baggage complaints per 1,000 pax 0.35 0.23 Complaints answered within 7 days 99% 99% External factors Ryanair is world fastest growing airline company According to Ryanair statistics in 2006 42.5 millions peoples travel in Ryanair airline and in 2007 it was 51 million and in 2008 the passengers was 59 millions. Ryanair Passenger Growth in Millions in 2006, 2007 Pax Chart Conclusion The above report examines the environmental analysis of European airline industry and discussed the strategy and sustainability of Ryanair in that environment. Ryanair is using very simple and good strategy according to economic condition at this time which is simple product, strict cost control over airports like aircraft suppliers and distribution costs. Ryanair focused on secondary airports that reduce its operating cost. BIBLIOGRAPHY L M Prasad, Business Policy: Strategic Management, New Delhi: Sultan Chand Sons, Educational Publishers, 2005 An Analysis of European low-cost airlines and their networks accessed on April 10, 2010. From www.sciencedirect.com Nigel Evants and David Campbell, Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism, 2003, Pages375-378 www.ryanair.com R. Casadesus-Masanell, Joan Enric Ricart, From Strategy to Business Models and on to tactics Long Range Planning (2010) Jay b. Barney William S. Hesterly Strategic Management and Competitive Advantage(concepts and cases) 3rd Edition, Pearson

The Island of Crete Essay -- Crete Island Geography Geographical Paper

The Island of Crete Although once a strategic military site even up through World War II, Crete is now a wonderful Greek asset full of history, culture, and beauty. Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and is located in the southeast of the Mediterranean Sea. Crete is not only home to more than 550,000 Greek citizens; it is also the destination for more than one quarter of all visitors that come to Greece. Crete is an island full of culture and celebration. Each town celebrates the day allocated to their patron saint, and there are cultural and wine festivals throughout the summer. The most important festivals on Crete are the Renaissance Festival in Rethymno, the Kyrvia Festival in lerapetra, Sitia?s Krnaria Festval, and Irakio?s summer arts Festival and the Lato Festival in Agios Nikolas. Important holidays on Crete are, of course, Easter, which is taken very seriously by all Greek orthodox believers. Other than Easter, Epiphany on January 6th, independence Day on March 25th, May Day on May 1st, the Battle of Crete during the last week of may, and Assumption Day on August 15th (Crete) .? Geography Crete is located in the southeast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is 3038 square miles, 161 miles long by about 38 miles wide in its widest part.? Crete is divided into four different districts, or ?Naomoi? in Greek.? From west to east these districts are Hania, Rethymnon, Iraklion, and Lassithi. In each of these districts are several municipalities and each of those municipalities is further broken down into several towns and villages. The major tourist spots are on the north side of the island, and subsequently all major towns are also on that side of the island. The east side of the island is by far the driest with... ...ligious, and enjoy traditional Greek food.? Crete is a fascinating place with a unique culture, interesting sites, rich history, and natural beauty which anyone would be fortunate to experience during their lifetime. Works Cited: Crete (2003).? Lonely Planet World Guide. Retrieved December 14, 2003. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/europe/crete/ Greece (2003). Country Reports. Retrieved December 14, 2003. http://www.classbrain.com/cb_cr/geos/gr.html The Monastery of Touplou (2003).? Climb in Crete. Retrieved December 13, 2003. http://www.climbincrete.com/EN/homepage/archives/000229.php The Palace of Knossos (2003). Hellenic Ministry of Culture. Retrieved December 13, 2003. http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21123n/e211wn01.html The Samaria Gorge (2003). University of Crete. Retrieved December 13, 2003.http://www.uch.gr/crete/places/samaria.html

The Human Genome Project :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Human Genome Project    With technology increasing daily in our modern society, we have to wonder what will come of all of the recent studies and large-scale research projects that have involved genetics. After recently reading two articles, I have been able to formulate some of my own predictions of what’s to come. In Lisa Sowle Cahill’s article, â€Å"The genome project: more than a medical milestone† she tells us in a concise manner, the history of the Human Genome Project. â€Å"The Human Genome (H.G. P.) began in 1990 as an international consortium of scientific terms. It planned to map systematically the entire human genome by the year 2005 on a budget of $3 billion. The major supporters of the H.G. P. are the Wellcome Trust, a large medical charity in the United Kingdom, and the U.S. federal government’s National Institute of Health. The H.G.P.’s leaders are the N.I.H.’s James D. Watson, his successor Francis S. Collins, and John. E Sulston, director of the Sanger Center in Cambridge, England. They have made it a point of seeking out international collaborators. These include experts in Germany, France, Japan, and China, all of whom have made important contributions to the recent success of the project.† A quick history it may be, but it is an extremely important one. As you can tell by the date of its beginning, the Human Genome Project is not very old by scientific standards, yet even though it may seem to be very young, the developments that have been made since its creation have been quite impressive. Personalized medicine is not very far away. This will mean that there will be drugs tailored to the individual genetic makeup of the patient, thus enhancing the effectiveness of treatments for ailments like cancer, heart disease and some forms of mental illness (Cahill). Someday, we will most likely be able to intervene in germ cell or embryos to remove or change a gene (Cahill). â€Å"Issues of confidentiality and social control take these questions a step further, into economic and political realms,† referring to whether or not genetic information will be completely private or available to others such as family members, insurance agencies, and even employers (Cahill) This last issue brings me to the next article that I read. In Jeffrey Kluger’s, â€Å"Who owns our genes?

Homelessness: Poverty and Homeless People Essay

Three years ago, my husband, Sithu, and I went to New York City, and we met several homeless people living on the street. They needed help and money. Seeing the faces on the homeless people after we had given them a few dollars gave us the satisfaction of knowing we had done something good, which made me feel better about users.ipfw.edu/andersi/W131Argument.Sample.htm 1/7 1/9/13 Why Homeless People should be provided with myself. These individuals did not have the face of normal people because their faces showed the suffering they had been through in their lives. A human life can change in an instant. One moment things can seem fine, then without warning disaster strikes. Maybe your job is out-sourced, the company has been â€Å"acquired† by a larger corporation, your spouse left, or you have been replaced by the latest technology. We see on television natural disasters that displace families and people who have lost everything because of violence. It could to anyone of us at any time and when these times come, as fellow beings, we have a responsibility to help each other. Right or wrong, in our society one of the first defenses is the government that represents the people. Many people live below the poverty level and along with poverty, homelessness is soon to follow. Homelessness is defined as having no home or permanent place of residence. Homelessness affects hundreds of thousands of people today. Many people make the incorrect generalization that those who are homeless have brought their situation on themselves; therefore, the government is not responsible for changing their plight. The truth is, disaster can strike anyone and without help in times of need, the fabric of our society would disintegrate. There are many reasons society should help the homeless: (1) assistance to the homeless removes obstacles the homeless may not overcome on their own, (2) presents a better image of the city, (3) prevents the spread of infectious diseases, (4) and prevents crime. (T) Our society should provide basic needs for homeless people because assistance removes obstacles the homeless may not be able to overcome on their own.  ® Included in the obstacles they need to overcome and improve their situation are temporary assistance for shelter, food, or jobs. For example, poor people are frequently unable to pay for food, housing, health care, childcare, and education. Moreover, some of these people have lost their jobs, lost their homes to fire, floods or storm, or were forced into homelessness by other disasters. According to Bogard (2001), â€Å"the methodologies of almost all efforts to count homeless people have been closely linked to advocacy activities such as providing shelter and food to those in needs† (p.105). Providing food and shelter has many benefits for homeless people in their lives. In my opinion, we should provide for the homeless because these people may not be able to get jobs, find shelter, and support their family due to circumstances such as a disability, lack of education, low income or continued unemployment. I believe that no one wants to be homeless, but some people could become homeless due to difficulty with money or users. Why Homeless People should be provided with bills. Therefore, we should help the homeless people with food, shelter or finding jobs. On the other hand, some people might argue that it is not the society’s responsibility to help homeless people with food, shelter, and finding employment, because it is not our fault and they might be lazy people. For example, some people might say that if the homeless people really want to work, they can get a job. They should work for a temporary help agency, day labor, and regular part-time employment. These kinds of work arrangements typically offer lower wages, fewer benefits, and less job security, but later they could get high wages, full-time jobs, and job security. Some people feel that whoever would like to obtain employment or secure employment can do so by their own means. It is their duty in life and they should support themselves. I refute this argument by saying that we need to help them because they might be not lazy people but they could have problem with low income, raised rental fees, loss of jobs, destroyed homes (fires), and disabilities. Therefore, our society should be a support in helping the less fortunate in finding employment, so they can become self-reliant. We need to support agencies that help the homeless in areas of improving skills to obtain employment, securing employment, and offering opportunities to become self-reliant. Society’s primary goal should be to help the homeless get a job so they can support themselves. Most people are interested in finding jobs and taking care of themselves. They are willing to look for work, to establish a residence, and want to be in a position to make their contribution to society. Therefore, we as a society have a moral obligation to help homeless people improve their lives. (T) Furthermore, society should help the homeless because this presents a better image of the city and the community.  ® Help of the homeless should include offering job assistance, and giving homeless people a way to avoid sleeping on the streets. For instance, the image of people sleeping in the street, of a filthy urban environment, and violence in the news due to drugs and hopelessness of its citizens is not the picture that civilized society wants to present. We appear much more like a caring society when we see on the news how people are overcoming their obstacles and helping each other. For example, homeless people need help getting off the streets but are unable to do it by themselves. Donahue (2001) said, â€Å"2,500 people sleep on the streets every night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (P.23). This is too large a number to be sleeping on thestreet. People should not just give the homeless the cold shoulder and keep on walking like nothing is wrong. In order for the homeless problem to stop, we must make it end by helping the less fortunate to find shelter or some other sources of help like churches and charitable organizations. Many of these sources provide housing, food, childcare, health care, and education. Why Homeless People should be provided with is a major problem in our society because the homeless sleep on the street and they could die on the street from poor health care or other accidents. According to the article â€Å"Out in the cold† (2003) from Current Events magazine, â€Å"Some Boston officials say the freezing weather is too risky for homeless people. They say the city should pass a law so emergency workers can force homeless people to go to shelters when the temperature becomes dangerously cold† (p.3). Nobody wants to stay outside in bad weather but most homeless people are staying in dangerously cold weather, and they could die in these hazardous conditions. Therefore, society should help homeless people because we will see a better image of the city and of ourselves. When the homeless are living on the streets it creates opportunities for other problems in society like crime, drugs, abandoned children, and violence; so the conditions of the homeless refle ct the condition of our society as a whole. It is becoming more apparent that these problems are going to continue and will have a direct consequence on our future in this country. For this reason, we need to help the homeless people because we would like to see our society with a better image and to develop our cities and our country. (T) Moreover, society should help homeless people because we need to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.  ® Society can do this by offering medical coverage and giving medical treatment to the homeless. For example, in our society there is no doubt that health conditions are a very large cost and a very sensitive matter. If someone becomes sick, it can drain finances, damage physical and psychological status, and create contention between family members, friends, and associates. At a broader national level, it is easier to consider. If someone suffers from an infectious disease, it is more than his or her problem. It threatens other people. Plaques, influenza, cholera, and HIV infection are diseases that affect everybody in the community. Therefore, we should help the homeless people to obtain health care and proper diets because of the long-term effects on society as a whole. As discussed previously, it is not only the problem of the homeless, but also it is the problem of every one of us. Because those people are members of our society and we are also subject to infection from these diseases, we need to ask ourselves: why don’t we need to provide health measures? Why don’t we determine to help each other? We are all from the same human race and we all have genuine needs. On the other hand, some people might say the government should not help with the homeless people’s health problems because it is their responsibility to take care of themselves. For example, some people might argue that we should not spend a lot of money on homelessness. They say homeless people use drugs, which makes them prone to these infectious diseases; therefore, they have brought these things on themselves. Why Homeless People should be provided with is not the government’s responsibility to provide healthcare, insurance, or other medical assistance. If we spend a lot of money for the homeless peoples’ illness or diseases, they say it will rob money from other government programs and, therefore, we should not give this support to homeless people. Also, some people who oppose providing for the homeless say it is spending the country’s budget on things that do not benefit the majority of the people. Hopefully, in our society few people think that these people are lazy and will not to try to provide for their health costs. If society provided for the health problems of these homeless people, they would work to provide for themselves and for their families. The costs are high to provide these basic needs, but the cost of not providing them is even higher. We have many reasons to do the responsible thing. First, as said previously, we are a civilized society. We are in the same society and are subject to the same afflictions. The homeless may be more vulnerable, but these diseases can spread through the population to us. For example, if the plague starts with the homeless, it is not only the homeless class or group that will be affected but also the whole town. The whole town will be quarantined. You can imagine the damage caused to many people’s lives. Therefore, if the government provides the health care for homeless, it will prevent the disease from spreading throughout society. Prevention is better than cure for all of us, and will improve society as a whole. Prevention will save money and increase the budget for needs in other areas. This is one of the means of prevention, isn’t it? If you treat the diseases only when outbreak occurs, it is a very short-sighted waste of tax dollars, human resources, and time. Therefo re, we should provide funds, drugs, technologies and human resources to homeless people. We shouldn’t blame them because they are poor. According to the Health and Human Services Agency Group (2003), Secretary Thompson said, â€Å"People with†¦health problems†¦are at risk for a life of homelessness†¦we will be judged by our ability to help the weakest† (para.2). We need to help the homeless people’s health problems, and we should spend our budget for them because they are also human. The spending of tax dollars should solely depend on who really has needs, not on the class. Therefore, by doing this we show human kindness and sympathy. It means we are truly a civilized society. (T) In addition, the government also should help the homeless people in order to prevent crimes such as stealing food and money. This government help should include financial planning, temporary assistance (food, shelter, clothes, and education), and planning for the homeless people’s future. For instance, homeless people lack the food, housing, clothing, and medical care. Why Homeless People should be provided with money in any way available to them. Therefore, these people are more likely to commit crimes to get what they need. Helping homeless people who commit violent crimes is imperative if we are to effectively curtail the growing crime rate in this country. My opinion is that the government needs to help homeless people get back on their feet so that the homeless, including young people, no longer need to commit crimes to survive. According to Kenyon (1991), â€Å"When families with young children become homeless, it is the children who suffer most. Sometimes the children have behavior problems because of an unstable or difficult family life† (p. 26). Homeless young children might have a bad attitude because they need food or other necessities. They might do anything to get what they need; therefore, our society would have more crimes and more dangers. As a result, the government needs to provide help for young homeless people so they will have hope, support, and safe housing to prevent their involvement in crime as victims or offenders. Therefore, when we help the homeless people, we not only prevent crimes, but also improve our society. In conclusion, I believe that we should support help for these homeless because our help will assist the homeless in overcoming difficult obstacles, improve our cities, help to stop the spread of infection, and lower the crime rate; this could seriously help the problems of society and homeless people could get off the street, ending homelessness. Some people agree with my opinion about homelessness, and some people disagree with my attitude about the homeless. But the results speak for themselves; in societies where the homeless and underprivileged are taken care of there is less crime, better public health, and a happier trusting society. Cities are cleaner and safer; there is less pollution, disease, and suffering. In any society there are those who will take advantage of the good will of others or will take advantage of the system, but we can’t let the attitudes of a few determine the destiny of society. The vast majority of people are good; they want to be self-sufficient and make a contribution. If we do not help the many who are just temporarily down on their luck, the few with poor attitudes will become the many. How much is it worth to help those without hope or even knowledge that their life can change their circumstances? What is the value of a human soul? In order for the homeless problem to stop, society must make it end by helping the less fortunate get to shelters, food or to some other source of help. users.ipfw.edu/andersi/W131Argument.Sample.htm References Bogard, C. J. (2001). Advocacy and enumeration: Counting homeless people in a suburban community. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(1). Retrieved April 26, 2004, from http://web18.epnet.com. Donahue, B. (2001). Giving shelter. Mother Jones, 26(4). Retrieved April 5, 2004, http://web18.epnet.com. Kenyon, T. L. (1991). The national alliance to end homelessness: What you can do to help the homeless. New York: Fireside. Out in the cold. (2003). Current Events, 102(22). Retrieved April 5, 2004, from http://web18.epnet.com. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Agency Group. (2003, June 12). HHS totaling $23 million to provide substance abuse and mental Regulatory Intelligence Database. awards 14 grants from health services for homeless people. FDCH Retrieved April 14, 2004, from http://web18.epnet.com. users.ipfw.edu/andersi/W131Argument.Sample.htm

Living downstream essay Essay

The toxic century refers a history of events in how mankind has polluted the environment and even our own bodies. This was done using harmful chemicals and toxins through a variety of military and industrial practices. Even now if we eat healthy, exercise and live the most innocent lives, you can come under attack from this invisible enemy, simply by existing on this planet. What caused this? Of the 200 organic chemicals known to cause breast cancer in animals 203 are manmade and 9 are natural. This stat shows us that we created a toxic environment. Wilhelm Hueper who we learned about in class said The majority of human cancers are traceable to environmental exposures and therefore potentially preventable† â€Å"Why did we do this to ourselves? After each World War, numerous military plus industrial practices and technologies have introduced a series of new chemicals into our bodies and damaged the environment we call home. This led to many diseases such as cancer or †¢Itai itai byÃ…  †¢(ouch ouch sickness) the toxic century is a by-product of rapid industrialization due to war. Sandra Steingraber wrote the book living downstream about her experiences with cancer and chemicals. In it she details the wars in playing an active role in the toxic century and in her words† changed chemistry and physics forever.† After each world war the need for each country trying to rapidly industrialize in order to beat other countries was so important that common sense was not present. Countries decided to forgo safety checks in order to make sure their products were more effective. As a result, many chemicals such as chorine, DDT (used as an insect repellant in the war) and PCB’s were released in society for commercial use. DDT in particular was linked to cancer and hurt wildlife in the areas it was released. Chorine was used in the war as a biological weapon was very effective and fatal against enemies. After the war, chorine was released in cleaning products, medicines and agriculture. They used propaganda and the ignorance of the people in order to sell the products. It was a time where western society was obsessed with cleanliness, they would give up anything to have it in their homes. First it was health issue & economic industry, soon it became a desirable convenience & cultural norm. The cold war was created as a by-product of the two world wars. After World War 2, countries have found a new untested technology known as nuclear bombs. This led to the invention nuclear power where countries started generating power from nuclear sources. The problem of this is nuclear accidents. At least 6 of the biggest nuclear accidents have been recorded. Chalk river in Canada being one and the most recent one in Fukushima, Japan. Nuclear fallout results in cancerous carcinogens being released into the environment. The effects of which are not felt until years and years later. This is not allof the negative effects, more importantly, a state of fear was created in society. An example was given in lecture about a town that was near a nuclear plant. When an explosion occurred in the plant, the people fled thousands of miles away. The mayor only recommend a few people leave and just a few miles away. This shows you the state of mind, these people were in after hearing about other nuclear meltdowns. On the positive side, it shows that people understand the dangers of the toxic century and things like this will not be endorsed by the people in the future. Sandra Steingrabber advised at the end of her book that we should use the precautionary principal in our daily lives. That we should act to prevent and not the other way around. One can only imagine what would have happened if we testing chemicals before using them commercially or simply not using them at all. One could argue that we gained so much as a society thanks to the inventions that came along because of these chemicals but can we truly weigh human lives against that? Only in learning about the toxic century like any other piece of history, can we prevent future situations similar to the one we are in.

A summary on the Article Bare, Bones and a Few Stones Essay

A summary on the Article Bare, Bones and a Few Stones - Essay Example Their minds and brains were not developed as Ehrlich describes, ‘they grabbed for roots, grabbed for an occasional mouthful’. What the author wants to discuss here is how our ancestors used the bigger brains to evolve the general kinds of nature that we have today and how they spread from Africa to all over the planet. He also points out that bones, skeletons and the stones brought about certain but not conclusive evidence of the evolution process. Ehrlich describes the genus, Homo used the forelimbs to carry and use tools and weapons. The early human beings were the original makers of the stone tools. The author expresses doubt if this is correct. Uncertainties remain with the human fossil record. From the samples it is not possible to draw conclusions about how many species of homos were there long ago. The evolutionary process, the physical appearance, the shape and size of the teeth, the jaws, all had a definite function and changed as human beings evolved from one stage to another. The teeth was used as a tool while the hair provided protection against insects. Our ancestors had the manual dexterity to produce tools and the foresight that these would be needed. Research suggests that technology differed from place to place, which depended on the environment as well as the skills of the homos making the tools. Human nature too differed geographically. Ehrlich suggests that although people share a common genetic code, the human nature is not a result of genetic coding. Cultural conditioning and environmental factors influence it. The molecular biologists are able to determine the sequence of molecular building blocks in Mitochondial DNA. MtDNA is passed from the mother to the child. These energy producing organs are present in the eggs and not in the sperm that penetrates the eggs. Analysis of mtDNA helps determine when two different populations of people last had a common ancestor. It is difficult to imagine how genes